Critical Review:  

Rosmawati, (2013). Analysis the Use of the Kind of Deixis   on ‘Ayat-Ayat Cinta’ Novel  by Habiburrahman El-Shirazy, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science  , Volume 13, Number 17, September 2013.

Reviewed by Yoga Pradana

            The topic that discussed in this article is about deixis found in ‘Ayat-Ayat Cinta’ Novel . She  concerned deixis  persona,  space,  time,  discourse,  and social contained in the Ayat- Ayat Cinta novel (p. 59). Rosmawati said ‘this research  can contribute  the  importance  of  understanding  and  preserving  literature  through  language,  especially  for  the  next generation  so  that  the  value  of  emotions  which  contained  in  the  language  will  be  resolved (p.57).’ This is  supported by (Jayasudarma, 1994 : 59),  (Sumarno,  1987:  10), Lyons (1995:  270), Suyono (1990:12). Rosmawati claims that The complexity  of  deictic  problems  in  this  discourse  that  encourages  her to conducted  a  study  on  the  use  deixis  in literary  discourse (p. 59).

            Her study aimed to describe the kind of deixis on ‘Ayat-Ayat Cinta’ Novel. Theoretically, this study is expected to be useful for researchers of language and literature because the novel has its own peculiarities (p.57). A word is said to be deixis if its reference or referral/reference moving or  changing  depending  on  who  the  speaker  and  it  depends  on  the  time  and  place  of  the  word spoken, Suyono (1990:12). According  Noerhadi (1982: 27),  which  need  to  be  understood  from  the  above  chart  is  differentiation-concrete  physical objects, then  lingual region  or language  where  every  word can be broken  down into  elements of visual-auditory (letters and sounds). By use these theories Rosmawati  concerned deixis  persona,  space,  time,  discourse,  and social contained in the Ayat- Ayat Cinta novel (p. 59).

 

            In his method, Rosmawati Writes that she collected the data through  intensive  reading,  Then,  the  data  was  collected  described  by using    descriptive  synchronic  method,  Synchronic  descriptive  methods  include  (1)  the  collection  of  data  usage deixis in Ayat- Ayat Cinta novel, (2) sorting, classification,and analysis of data on the use of deixis of pronomina persona, space, time, discourse, and social (p.59). She used descriptive  method  with  a  number  of  procedures,  namely  (a)  gather  data  usage  of  deixis,  (b) identify and classify the data usage of deixis on deixis persona, space, time, and place, discourse, and social, (c) to analysis data of usage the deixis, and (d) making the conclusion usage of deixis data.

            By using the theories and method above Rosmawati found, Based  on  data  analysis, Ayat- Ayat  Cinta novel  by  Habiburrahman  El - Shirazy  includes  a  number  of  deixis, namely  persona  deixis,  place deixis,  time  deixis,  discourse  deixis,  and  social  deixis.  Each  deixis  is  presented below.

 1 . Persona Deixis

 Persona deixis is one form pronomina deixis. In the novel of Ayat- Ayat Cinta found the usage of persona deixis, both the first and second persona deixis  or third persona. The first persona deixis using the form I, my, our, and us,  second  persona  deixis    using  a  form  you, kau,  and  the  form  of  greeting,  like  you,  or  by  calling  names,  for example, Mary, and a third persona deixis  using the form he , he, ia, and they, are as plurals. More clearly, the following three types persona deixis is described. 

 1.1 First Single Persona Deixis 

  a. Persona Deixis Aku ( in English I )

 The data below is the first persona deixis

(1) I (Aku) feel young cleric Sheikh Ahmed is a unique (p. 17)

(2) I (Aku) was the only foreigner, as well as the only one from Indonesia (p. 16 and 17)

(3) I've (Aku) been too busy with work and family (p. 22)

(4) "I (Aku) memorized a letter and letters of Mary Almaidah by rote" (p. .24)

 I (Aku)  was at the data (1) refers to Fahri. This was evident in a conversation between Sheikh Ahmed Fahri with

on p. 17, namely: "Akh Fahri, where are you going?  " Said Shaikh friendly with a smile on his face is clean ... Meanwhile,  in  data  (3)  experiencing  a  transition  deixis  I'm  referring  to  Ashraf  (p.59).

Based on the data analysis Rosmawati said that there are two forms deixis first persona in the novel of Ayat- Ayat Cinta, namely (1) persona I (aku) and (2) persona I (saya) . Each of these first persona has a different referral using. Persona I (aku) in the novel of "Ayat- Ayat Cinta" based analysis used in informal situations, for example in  speech  acts  between  two  participants  who  know  each  other  or  are  already  familiar,  while  persona  I (saya) is used in formal situations, as seen in the data (6) ie "I think this is a good idea

2 . Deixis place (tempat)

In the second type of deixis Rosmawati found Deixis  place  is  giving  shape  location,  space  (place)  is  seen  from  the  location  of  the  person/role  in  the  event  of language  (Nababan  1987:  41).  In  the  novel  of Ayat-Ayat Cinta found  deixis which  refers  to the  place,  as  shown below:

(33) If not here (di sini), in Shubra El Khaima there .. (p.27).

(34) Akh Ashraf, you want to get down here (di sini) right? I asked .... (p. 35)

 The form of  here (di sini) in the data (33) refers to a city, where as the form of here (di sini) in the data (34) refers to a specific place (carriages). To be clear, the following is a quote that supports the data (33) and (34).

 "Many  stationery  stores,  where  copy  and  computer  supply  stores  in  Hadayek  .  If  not  here  (di  sini),  usually  in Shubra El Khaima." (p.27). The quote reinforces that here (di sini) refers to a city.  In contrast, the form here (di sini) that refers to a specific place that specifically looks at the quote:  "I entered the carriage number five. I'm pretty sure there will be a place to sit. In a hot climate like this certainly deserted passengers." When examined further, the form of here (di sini) in  the data (33) refers to a more spacious the form of here (di sini) in  the data (34) which refers to a very specific place. This happens because different contexts. Rosmawati Writes, an understanding of the two forms of the same requires the involvement of the context the word is used (p.63).

3 . Deixis Time

            Deixis time  (temporal  or  time)  does  often  lead  to  misinterpretation  of  the  reader  or  listener  .  This  is  due  to  themeaning  of  these  words  can  be  too  narrow  and  broad.  Furthermore,  Nababan  (1987:  41)  argues  that  the deixistime  is  disclosure  (giving  shape)  at  a  point  of  time  or  distance  is  seen  from  the  expression  time  something  ismade, for example, today (sekarang), yesterday (kemarin), tomorrow (besok), and the day after tomorrow (lusa).The  use  of  deixis  time  in  Indonesian  is  different  with  deixis  time  in  English.  Without  having  to  explicitly  showtime  information,  when  in  English  can  be  seen  from  the  changes  in  the  verb  form.  The  following  Englishsentences difference would seem obvious:

 I am reading a book now .

 I had read a book .

            Rosmawati writes that  indecision is the present (sekarang) and the past(kemarin). What is now on in the same sentencewith this second, this hour, and today? Likewise, past the next sentence, if earlier, yesterday, and last year ? To reinforce  the  time  information,  in English,  can  be  added  the  words  like: now,  yesterday,  and  last  year. In  thenovel of  Ayat- Ayat Cinta found deixis time, as shown below 

 (34) Now (sekarang) we sip Friendly goldfish ? (p. 59) .

(35) Later that night (besok) should be back racking brain (p. 65) .

(36) This evening (besok)  we also thanksgiving (p. 70) .

(37) Exactly midnight (kemarin) we went to suthuh (p. 71) .

4. Deixis Discourse

            Rowmawati said Deixis  discourse  related  to  the  words  or  phrases  that  serve  to  reveal  any  part  of  the  sentence  in  thediscourse/speech (p.64). Nababan (1987: 42) calls deixis discourse by reference to certain parts of the discourse that has been  given and/or are being developed. The forms are often used to express deixis discourse, of which, is deixis

which  includes  pronouns,  both  persona  and  demonstrative,  deixis  place,  and  much  more.  Furthermore,  Nababan(1987:  42)  gives  an  example  of the  words: the  former,  the  first,  the following, and  the  like  refer  to  the  sectionslisted  above  with  Anphora  terms  and  words  which  have  reference  to  the  text  content  thereafter  referred  to  as kataphora .Deixis  discourse  serves  to  facilitate  the  interpretation  or  understanding  of  the  discourse,  both  written  and  oral discourse discourse. In short Rosmawati writes , more of a deixis discourse conjunctions and words deiksis demonstrative (p.64). In any discourse almost certainly contain the word deixis, like persona he (ia), she (dia), or it (nya); deixis place,as here (di sini), there (di sana), there (di situ), and connecting words between sentences in a discourse.

5 . Deixis Social 

            Rosmawati claims Novel of Ayat-Ayat Cinta provide specific views with the use of deixis social ( p.65). Social context, specifically marked social differences in between speakers and opponents said. The use of deixis social can be seen in the data below:

 (50) "Mas Fahri, the air is too hot. The weather is too bad. What you should not just rest at home ?" (P. 18) .

(51) Mr Boutrus and Mary a little surprised at my suggestion (p. 82) .

(52) The mothers confused and report on Mbah Ehsan (p. 115) .

(53) He was a disciple of Sheikh Mahmoud Khushari, who earned the nickname of legendary scholars Syaikhul

Maqari’ Wal Huffadh Fi Mashr or professor of readers (pembaca) and learn by heart (penghafal) Al - Quran in Egypt (p. 162) 

 Study of deixis social support that a person known for his role relevant to the problem or by a general known role. A person has more than one role is relevant in a given period. In general it can be said that in a particular social context, only the part played by a person at a particular time.

However, I  think this research is quiet good because the theory and the finding is real and can be proven. In the conclusion rosmawati said that All  of  deixis  found  in  the  novel  of   Ayat-Ayat  Cinta are  an  expression  or  statement  reflect  the  social  system, economic system, education system, the idea system, and system of values describing what is desired and what is rejected (p.65).

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